1:- Why are leaves called food factory of plant?

Ans:- Leaves make food for the whole plant so they are called the food factory or the kitchen of a plant

2:- what is photo synthesis?

Ans:- The process by which leaves prepare food using water and minerals from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll is called photosynthesis

3:- How many main parts of a leaf? Name them

Ans:- There are six main parts of a leaf.

I. Leaf lamina

II. Leaf stalk

III. Midrib or main vein

IV. Side veins

V. Stomata

VI. Chlorophy

4:- What is leaf lamina?

Ans:- the lamina is the flat green part of a leaf.

5:- What is leaf stalk?

Ans:- It is a part of a leaf that attaches the leaf lamina to the stem. it supplies water collected from the stem to the leaf.

6:- What is midrib or main veins?

Ans:- midrib is the thin tube that runs from the base to the tip of the leaf. it transports water and minerals to all parts of a leaf through side veins.

7:- What are side veins ?

Ans:- the thinner tube like structures arising from the midrib are called side veins. these veins provide shape and support to the leaf.

8:- what is stomata ?

Ans:- the tiny pores that is present on the lower surface of the leaf is called stomata during photosynthesis leaves take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen and water vapour through stomata.

9:- what is chlorophyll?

Ans- The green coloured substance which makes the leaf green is called chlorophyll.

10:- How does plant use their prepared food?

Ans:- The food prepared by the plant is used for its own growth and to repair worn out cells.

Extra food is converted into starch and stored in different parts of the plant.

11:- Write the parts of plant where these plants store their food.

Carrot, Turnip, Beet, Onion, Celery, Lettuce, Cabbage, Spinach, Peas, Beans, Corn, Tomato, Apple, Watermelon, Broccoli, Cauliflower

Ans:-

carrot=root Turnip=root Beet=root	Onion=stem Celery=stem	Lettuce=leaves Cabbage=leaves Spinach=leaves

Peas=seed Beans=seed Corn=seed	Tomato=fruit Apple=fruit Watermelon=fruit	Broccoli=flower Cauliflower=flowerh

12:- How do animals depend on plants? write three ways.

Ans; the three ways by which animals depend on plants are.

1-animals depend on plants for food.

2-animals depend on plants for oxygen.

3-many animals deped on plants for shelter.

13:- How do plants depend on animal write three ways .

Ans:- The three ways by which plants depend on animals are.

1 Plants depend on animals for carbon dioxide.

2 Plants depend on animal for nutrients in the soil.

3 Plants depend on animals to disperse seeds to distant places.

14:-How does cactus plant prepare their food?

Ans:- Cactus plants have no green leaves. The leaves of cactus plants reduce to spine. The stem of cactus plants have chlorophyll . Therefor they make food by the stem.

15:- How do mushroom and moulds get their food?

Ans:- Mushroom and moulds do not contain chlorophyll. There for they get their food from dead and decaying plants and animals.

16:- Is photosynthesis happen in croton plant ?

Croton plants have chlorophyll below the colour pigments like red, yellow , purple, etc. So photosynthesis occurs in croton .

17:- What are parasitic plants ?

Ans:- Plants that obtain nutrition from other plants are called parasitic plant.

Ex- cuscuta , mistletoe.

18:- What are total parasites ?

Ans:- Most of the parasitic plants do not undergo photosynthesis and are dependent totally on their host for nutrition . These are called total parasites.

For example :- cuscuta , commonly known as dodder.

19:- What are partial parasites ?

Ans:- Some plants may still have green leaves and make some of their food through photosynthesis . it derives part of its nutrition from another plant . these are called partial parasites.

For example:- mistletoe

20:- What is host plant?

Ans:- The plant that provides nutrition to the parasitic plant is called host plant.

21:- What are insectivorous plants? Write example.

Ans:- Some plants eat insects for nutritions. These plants are called insectivorous plants.

Ex:- Pitcher plant , Venus flytrap , Sundew.

22:- Write short notes on Pitcher plant.

Ans:- Pitcher plant is an Insectivorous plant. It has modified leaves in the form of tubular pitcher like structure with a lid. The bottom of the pitcher has sweet nectar which attract the insect. The insects slip down into the pitcher and get digested by the plant.

23:- Write short notes on venus flytrap.

Ans:- Venus fly trap has modified leaves in the form of two small halves with stiff hair on each edge. As an insect comes near it , the two halves snap shut quickly. Then it secrets the juice to digest the insect.

24:- Write short notes on Sundew.

Ans:- Leaves of sundew are covered with numerous sensitive hair which glitter in the sun as dew-drops, there for it gets its name as sundew. Insects which comes in contact with these hair gets entangled , killed and nutrients are absorbed into the leaves.

Adaptation in plants, chapter-2, class-4, science

1:- What is habitat?

Ans –the place where an organism usually lives and grows in nature is called its habitat.

2:- How many types of plants depending on the habitat

Ans-There are two types of plants depending on the habitat

1-Aquatic plants

2-Terrestrial plants

3:- What are aquatic plants?

Ans –plants that grow in water are called aquatic plants

For example-lotus , water lily

4:- How many types of aquatic plant ? Name them

Ans-There are three types of aquatic plant

1-Floating plant

2-Fixed plant

3-Under water plant

5:- What are floating plants?

Ans:-Those aquatic plants that are able to float on the surface of water are called floating plants

Ex-wolffia, pistia, water hyacinth

6:- Write two properties of floating plant.

Ans-The two properties of a floating plant are

1-The upper surface of the leaf is usually waxy to repel water

2-The roots of these plants are not fixed in the ground.

7:- What are fixed plants?

Ans-Those aquatic plants whose roots are fixed to the ground of pond are called fixed plants .

Ex-lotus, water lily

8:- Write three properties of fixed plants.

Ans-The three properties of fixed plants are

1-Fixed plants have broad leaves.

2-Stomata are present on the upper surface of leaf.

3-Fixed plant have thin, hollow and long stem.

9:- What are under water plants?

Ans:-Those aquatic plants that remain fully under the water are called under water plants.

Ex-pond weed, eelgrass, water star grass.

10:- Write two properties of under water plants.

Ans-The two properties of under water plants are

1-Under water plants prepare their food using sunlight

2-Under water plants support aquatic lives because they give out oxygen during photo synthesis.

11:- What are terrestrial plants?

Ans:-plants that grow on land are called terrestrial plants.

12:- How many types of terrestrial plants? Name them.

Ans:-There are six types of terrestrial plant.

1-Plants in the plains

2-Plants b in the desert

3-Plants in the mountains

4-Plants in heavy - rain fall area

5-Plants along the sea coast

6-Plants in marshy areas

13:- Write five example of plants that grow on plains

Ans:-mango, banyan, neem, peeple, mulberry.

14:- What are deciduous tree?

Ans:- Those trees which loss all their leaves ones in a year and get new leaves in spring season are called deciduous trees .

For example:- cherry maple tree etc.

15:- What are ever green trees?

Ans:- Trees that do not lose all their leaves at once are called ever green trees .

Example:- jack fruit, eucalyptus .

16:- Write the name of two desert plant?

Ans:- cactus, saguaro.

17:- Write four features of desert plants that help them to survive in desert?

Ans:-the four features of desert plant are.

1-Plants store water in their stems or leaves.

2-They have long root system to go deep into the ground to absorb water.

3-Most plants are leafless which helps them to reduce loss in desert plants.

4-In desert plants leaves are reduce to spine which protects them from desert animals.

18:-Write four examples of coniferous trees?

Ans:- Pine, fir, deodar, spruce.

19:-Write five features of plant on mountains ?

Ans; The five features of plant on mountain are.

1-Most plants are tall and straight.

2-They are cone shaped so that snow falls easily.

3-They have needle . like leaves that prevent too much water loss.

4-They have waxy coating on the leaves that prevent the plant from loss the water.

5-Mountain plants have cone instead of flowers.

20:- What are coniferous trees? write example.

Ans:-Those trees that bear cones instead of flowers are called coniferous trees.

For example:- pine, fir, deodar and spruce.

21:- Write two trees that grow on sea coast?

Ans:- coconut, palm.

22:- Write three features of plants that grow on sea coast?

Ans:- The three features of sea coast plants are.

1-They are well-adapted to grow in sandy soil,salty water and high rain fall.

2-They have strong stem that help them to stand in strong wind.

3-They have long roots that firmly anchor the plant.

23:- What are mangroves? write two example.

Ans:- Trees that grow in marshy area are called mangroves.

For example:- rhizophora, avicennia.

24:- What is breathing root?

Ans:- Air cannot reach to the roots of mangroves .Thus roots of these plants grow out of the soil to breathe from the air. Such root are called breathing root.

Chapter - 3

Adaptation in animals

what is Habitat?

The place that provides the basic things for an organisms to survive is called its Habitat.Habitat is a natural place where organisms live.It is the place where different organisms perform different types of works.

How many type of animals according to their habitat ?

There are five types of animals according to their habitat.

1. Terrestrial animals.

2. Aquatic animals.

3. Amphibians.

4. Aerial animals.

5. Arboreal animals.

What is adaptation ?

The ability of animals to adjust them selves in surrounding is called adaptation. Living things develop certain features which enable them to survive successfully in a particular environment.

what are terrestrial animals?

Animals that live on land are called terrestrial animals.

Ex: Horses, lion,camels etc.

How do camels survive themselver in hot deserts ?

Camels have long legs to protect their body from the heat of sand. their feet have thick sholes which help them to walk on sand. They also have special ability to drink a lot of water at one time. these features help the camels to survive in hot desert.

How do polar bears survive themselves in the cold polar regions?

polar bears have thick fur that keeps them warm. They also have a thick layer of fat underskin which provide them warmth. These features help the polar bears to survive themselves in the cold polar region.

What are aquatic animals ?

Animals that live in water are called aquatic animals.

Ex: Fish, crabs, turtles, octopus, whales, dolphins etc.

How do fish breath in water?

Fish have a specific organ called gills which help them to breath in water.

Write three aquatic animals that breathe through lungs.

The three aquatic animals that breathe through lungs are

(i) Crocodiles (ii) Whales (iii) dolphins.

How do ducks swim in water?

Ducks have webbed feet which help them to swim in water.

What are Amphibians ?

Some animals have certain features that help them to leave both on land and in water. These animals are called amphibians.

Ex:- Frog, crocodile , snake etc.

What are Aerial animals ?

Animals that can fly and spend a lot of their time in the air are called aerial animals.

Ex:- vulture,eagle,sparrow, crow etc.

How do birds able to fly ?

Birds have streamland shaped body and hollow and light bones.They also have two wings intead of two forlimbs.These feature heip the bird to fly.

what are arboreal animals?

Those land animals that live mostiy on trees are called arboreal animals.

Ex:- monkey, koala bear.

How many types of animals on the basis of eating habits?

There are five types of animals on the basis of eating habits.

1- Herbivores

2- Carnivores

3- Omnivores

4- Scavengers

5- Parasites

6- Insectivores

What are herbivores?

Animals that eat plants are called herbivores.

Ex:- cows, sheep, goat, horse, deer etc.

What are carnivores?

Animals that eat flesh of other animals are called carnivores. They have sharp tearing teeth and strong granding teeth.

Ex:- Tigers, Lions, Wolves etc.

What are omnivores?

Animals that eat plants as well as the fless of other animals are called omnivores.

Ex: - crows, bear, cat, dog, peacock etc.

What are scavengers?

Some flesh eating animals feed on the flesh of dead animals. They are called scavengers.

Ex:- Vulture , hyena etc.

What are parasites?

Animals that live on or inside the bodies of other animal for their food are called parasites.

Ex:- mosquitoes, leeches, tapeworm, etc.

What are hibernation?

some animals sleep for several months to protect themselves from cold this is called hibernation.

Ex:- lizard, snake, bear, frogs etc.

What are invertebrates?

Animal that do not have backbone are called invertebrates.

Ex:- earthworm, leech, tapeworm etc.

What are vertebrates?

Animals that have a backbone are called vertebrates.

Ex:- human, snake, cow, lion etc.

What are chitin?

The material that makes up the hard outer covering in insects is called chitin.

What are called cold blooded animals?

Those animals whose body temperature changes with the change in the temperature of the surrounding are called cold blooded animals.

Ex:- snake , lizard , crocodile etc.

What are warm -blooded animals?

Those animals that have the same temperature inside the body all the time are called warm – blooded animals.

Ex:- tiger , Humans , birds etc.

What is Aestivation?

Some animals sleep for several mouth to protect themselves from hot weather is called aestivation.

Ex:- Crocodile , Tortoise , Salamander etc.

What is migration?

Mass movement of creatures from one place to another in search of food , shelter and giving birth of their babies is called migration.

Ex:- Arctic tern , Storks , Doves , Turtle etc.

What are extinct animals?

Animals that have already dissapeared from the earth are called extinct animals.

Ex:- Woolly mommoth , dodo , tarsmanion tiger etc.

What is Endangered animals?

Animals that are in danger of becoming extinct are called endangered animals.

Ex:-Asian elephant, blue whale, black rhino ,orangutan etc.

Chapter -4

Reproduction in animals

What is life span?

All living things live for a certain period of time for which a living organism lives is called its lifespan.

What is reproduction?

Reproduction is the process by which living things produce young ones of their own kind .

By how many ways living beings reproduce?

living beings reproduce by two ways

1-By giving birth

2-By laying eggs

What are viviparous animals?

The animals which give birth to their young ones are called viviparous animals.

For example-human beings, lion, tiger, deer etc.

What are mammals?

Those animals which give birth to their young ones and feed milk of their own .such animal are called mammals.

For example-human beings, lion, tiger, deer etc.

What are oviparous animals?

The animals which give birth to their young ones through eggs are called oviparous animals.

For example-Birds, fishes, insect, frogs, snakes etc.

How many types of oviparous animals according to their habitat?

There are three types of oviparous animals according to their habitat

1-Aerial oviparous animals

2-Terrestrial oviparous animals

3-aquatic oviparous animals

What is incubation?

Adult birds sit on the eggs for a few days to keep them warm till they hatch. This process is known as incubation.

How many parts of an egg? Name them.

There are four parts of an egg.

1-shell

2-albumen

3-yolk

4-aircell

What are nymphs ?

When the eggs of cockroaches hatch and the baby cockroaches come out. These baby cockroaches are called nymphs.

What is moulting?

Cockroaches Shed their skin several times when they are growing. This is called moulting.

Write short notes on the life cycle of a butterfly.

A butterfly has four stage in its life cycle.

1-Eggs – The female butterfly lays eggs on the underside of leaves

2- Larva- The egg hatches and larva comes out. It is also called a caterpillar. It looks like a worm. It eats leaves and grows quickly.

3- Pupa- The caterpillar spins a covering called pupa around itself inside the pupa, the caterpillar slowly turns into a fully grown butterfly.

4- Butterfly- When a pupa splits open, the beautiful butterfly comes out.

Write two animals that make nests for their eggs on the ground in shallow pits near the river.

Crocodile, Alligator

What are fries?

The young ones of fish are called fries.

What is frog spawn?

Frogs lay their eggs in water. A floating clump of eggs in water is called frog spawn.

Write short notes on the life circle of frog.

The frog has three stages in their life circle.

(1) Egg:- A jelly- like covering protects the eggs. The egg slowly develops into and embryo. Organs and gills begin to form in the embryo. The yolk inside the eggs provides nutrients for growth.

(2) Tadpole:- After its development period, the embryo leaves its jelly shell, and attaches itself to a weed in the water. It quickly becomes a tadpole or a baby frog with a long tail. The tadpole grows with the weed until it is big enough to break free into the water. It feeds on small plants.

(3) Frog:- After about five weeks, legs begin to grow. Thetail becomes smaller till it finally vanishes. Lungs begin to develop, preparing the frog for its life on land. Finally, a fully-developed frog with lungs and legs hops out from the water.

Chapter-5

Respiratory system

What is respiratory system?

The human respiratory system is a system of organs. That is responsible for gas exchange between the body and the external environment.

2:- How many main parts of a respiratory system?
Ans:- There are three main parts of a respiratory system.
1-nose
2-windpipe
3-lungs

3:- What is breathing?
Ans:- Breathing is a process in which we take in air and then expel it out from the body.

4:- How many phases of breathing? Name them.
Ans:- There are two phases of breathing.
1-inhalation
2-exhalation

5:- What is inhalation?
Ans:- Inhalation is the process in which we take in air. When we breathe in, air fills the lungs so the chest moves outward.

6:- What is exhalation?
Ans:- Exhalation is the process in which we breathe out air. when we breathe out, air comes out from the lungs and the chest moves inward.

7:- Which gas do we breathe in?
Ans:- We breathe in oxygen gas.

8:- Which gas do we breathe out?
Ans:- We breathe out carbon dioxide gas which also contains germs and water vapour.

9:- how does respiratory system work? Explain it.
Ans:- The respiratory system works by following ways.

1-As we breathe in air, the lungs are filled with fresh air reach in oxygen. This oxygen reaches different body parts through blood.
2-in return, the body parts give out carbon dioxide which reaches the lungs through blood. The lungs expel this carbon dioxide in the air we breathe out.

Chapter-6

Circulatory System

What is circulatory system?

The system of our body that carries digested food, oxygen and waste from one part of our body to another is called circulatory system.

11:- How many parts of circulatory system? Name them.
Ans:- There are three parts of circulatory system.
1-blood
2-blood vessels
3-heart

12:- What is blood?
Ans:- Blood is the red liquid that flows around the body in blood vessels. It is a medium through which different substances like digested food, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc. are transported through the body.

13:- What are blood vessels?
Ans:- Blood flows across the body in tubes. these tubes are called blood vessels.

14:- How many types of blood vessels? Name them.
Ans:- There are three types of blood vessels
1-arteries
2-veins
3-capillaries

15:- What are arteries?
Ans:- Arteries are thick-walled blood vessels that carry pure blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. this blood contains oxygen and nutrients from the digested food.

16:- What are veins?
Ans:- Veins are thin-walled blood vessels that carry impure blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste back to the heart.

17:- What are capillaries?
Ans:- Capillaries are narrow and thin blood vessels. They have very thin walls. Nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other waste materials can pass through their walls.

18:- What is heart?
Ans:- The heart is a muscular organ which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.

19:- how much times heart beats in a minute.
Ans:- 72 times

20:- In how many chambers heart is divided?
Ans:- Heart is divided into four chamber, two auricles and two ventricles.

21:- What are auricles?
Ans:- The upper two chambers of the heart are called auricles.

22:- How many auricles in a heart ? Name them.
Ans:- There are two auricles in a heart.
1-right auricle
2- left auricle

23:- What are ventricles?
Ans:- The lower two chambers of the heart are called ventricles.

24:- How many ventricles in a heart? name them.
Ans:- There are two ventricles in a heart.
1-right ventricle
2-left ventricle

Chapter-7

Digestive system

What are Digestion ?

The process by which food is broken down into a simple form so that it can be easily taken in or observed by the body are called digestion.

How many main parts of digestive system? Name them.

There are eight main parts of digestive system.

mouth, foodpipe, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.

What is the role of mouth in digestion?

The process of digestion starts in the mouth. The teeth in the mouth grand the food into smaller pieces. The chewed food mixes with a liquid called saliva. Saliva makes the food soft and turns in paste. In this way saliva also help in digestion.

What is the role of food pipe in digestion ?

Food pipe is also called oesophagus it helps the food passes from the mouth to the stomach.

What is the role of stomach in digestion ?

Stomach is the bag like structure where swallowed food is collected . stomach churned the food and form paste . this paste is mixed with digestive juices produced by the wall of stomach.

Science - Class 4