Chapter - 1

Reproduction in plant

How many types of reproduction in plant? Name them

There are two types of reproduction in plant

1-Reproduction in plants through seeds.

2-Reproduction in plants through other parts. (vegetative propagation)

What is vegetative propagation?

Growth of new plants from Vegetative parts like root, stem and leaf is Known as vegetative propagation.

Write the name of four plants, whose new plants grow through root.

sweet potato, dahlia, carrot and radish.

4:- Write name of a plant whose new Plants grow from leaves

Ans:- Bryophyllum

5:- How many types of underground stem plant

Ans there are three types of underground stem plant

1. Rhizomes

2. tuber

3. bulb

6:- What are rhizomes?

Ans:- Those stems in which root develop From the lower surface and leaves develop from the upper part are called rhizomes.

For example:- ginger, turmeric

7:- What is tuber? write example.

Ans – Tuber is swollen part which bears several nodes or eyes. each eye gives rise to new plants.

For example:- potato, artichoke

8:- What is bulb? Write example .

Ans:- The underground stem In which buds present on The sides of the bulb Through which new plants Grow is called bulb .

For example:- onion garlic

9:- What is runner?

Ans:- A runner is a stem that grows horizontally above the ground . the tip end of the runners can produce buds that develop into new plants

For example:- grass, strawberry.

10:- What are suckers? write example

Ans :–Those plants whose stem run below the surface of the ground for some distance and them turn upward to produce new plants are called suckers.

For example –mint

11:- Write the name of four plants that reproduce through cones.

Ans:- Cedar ,pine ,redwood ,hemlock .

12:- How many types of Vegetative Propagation In Plants? Name them.

Ans- There Are Six types of vegetative propagation in plants.

1. By roots

2. By leaves

3. BY underground stems

4. BY runners

5. BY suckers

6. BY cones.

13:- Writ three advantage of vegetative propagation.

Ans:- The three advantage of vegetative propagation are

1. vegetative propagation is a faster method to produce a new plant .

2. it is very useful method for production of seedless plant such as grapes and banana .

3. The plant produced by vegetative propagation bear flower and fruit earlier than the new produced by seeds.

14:What are flowering plants? Write example.

Ans:-Plants that bear flowers are called flowering plants.

For example:- Mango, guava etc.

15:- What are flowers

Ans:- Those organs by which a flowering plant reproduces their own kind is called flower.

16:- How many main parts of a flower ? Name them

Ans:- There are four main parts of a flower

1. Sepals

2. Petals

3. Stamen

4. pistil

17:- What are sepals?

Sepals look like green leaves at the bottom of The flower. They protect the bud.

18:- What are petals?

Ans:- Petals are the brightest coloured and beautiful part of a flower they help to attract insects for pollination.

19:- What is stamen?

Ans:- Stamen is the male part of the flower .it is made up of a thin stalk called the filament with a bag like head called the anther .

20:- Who contains pollen grains?

Ans:- Anther

21:- What is pistil? How many parts pistil consists ?

Ans:- The pistil is the female part of flower. It consists of three parts.

Ovary , style and stigma

A swollen base called the ovary. the ovary contains small structures called ovules.

A stalk arises from the ovary and is called the style.

The style ends at the stigma at the top.

22:- What is pedical?

Ans:- The flower is attached to a stalk called pedicel. It is enlarged to from receptacle found at the centre of the base of the flower.

23:- What is pollination?

Ans:- The pollen grains of one flower are transfered to the female part of the same flower or another flower. This is called pollination.

24:- What is fertilization?

Ans:- After pollination, the petals and stamens fall off. The ovary swells up and changes into a fruit and the ovules change into seeds. This process is called fertilization.

Chapter 2 Seed germination and dispersal

1:- What are seeds?

Ans-all the grains that we eat are seeds .They have different shapes and size.

Example-rice, wheat, gram, mustard etc.

2:- Write two seeds that are big in size.

Ans :–Mango, coconut.

3. write two seeds that are small in size.

Ans- mustard, cardamom.

4. How many parts of a seed? Name them.

Ans-There are four parts of a seed.

1-Seed coat.

2-Hilum.

3-Cotyledons.

4-Embryo.

5-How many parts of an embryo? Name them.

Ans-There are two parts of an embryo.

1-plumule

2-Radicle

6-what is seed coat?

Ans-The outer covering of a seed that protects the seed from physical damage, temperature and water is called seed coat.

7-What is hilum?

Ans-A tiny opening that is present on seed coat that obsorbs water is called hilum.

8:-What are cotyledons?

Ans-The fleshy part of a seed that is found under the seed coat are called cotyledons. Cotyledons store food for growing embryo inside the seed.

9-What is embryo ?

Ans- The baby plant that is found inside the seed is called embryo . Embryo gets food from cotyledons.

10-What is plumule ?

Ans- Plumule is the part of embryo that develops into shoot of a baby plant.

11-What is radical?

Ans- Radical is a part of embryo that develops into root of a baby plant.

12-How many types of seeds on the basis of cotyledons?

Ans- there are two types of seeds depending upon the number of cotyledons.

1-monocotyledonous seeds

2-Dicotyledonous seeds

13-What are monocotyledonous seeds?

Ans-The seeds that have only one seed leaf are called monocotyledonous seeds.

For example:-Wheat , Bajra , Maize , Rice

14:-What are dicotyledonous seeds?

Ans-The seeds that have two seed leaves are called dicotyledonous seeds.

For example- mango , Gram , Pea

15- What is germination?

Ans:- The process by which a new plant develop from a seed is called germination.

16- Write the favourable conditions for seeds that help in germination.

Ans- The favourable conditions for seeds that help in germination are water , Air and warmth.

17- What is seed dormancy?

Ans- some seeds need to sleep for a period of time. When a seed sleeps , It is called seed dormancy. Such seeds germinate after their dormancy period is over.

18- Write the process of germination of seed.

Ans- During germination, When the seed receives adequate water, it swells. This leads to the bursting of its seed coat and giving rise to the baby plant, called seedling. Inside the seed, the developing embryo gets its food from cotyledons. The baby plant first develops its root from the radicle which grows down into the earth. The plumule gives rise to shoot which grows upwards sunlight. As the baby plant grows it starts developing small green leaves inside the seed. The growing hook- shaped shoot straightens out and pushes the cotyledons above the ground. Gradually , the shoot elongates to form a proper stem and its leaves unfold eventually falling off the cotylendons. Finally , a mature plant does not show the cotyledons because they shrink and disappear as the food stored in them is consumed by the baby plant while growing up.

19-what is dispersal of seeds?

Ans-the movement of seeds away from the parent plant to ensure the germination and survival of seed is called seed dispersal.

20- write the name of agents that are responsible for dispersal of seeds ?

Ans- there are four agents that are responsible for dispersal.

1-dispersal by wind.

2-dispersal by water.

3-dispersal by air.

4-dispersal by explosion.

21:- write short notes on the process of seeds dispersal by wind ?

Ans:-Seeds that dispersed by wind are very light. some seeds are very light .seeds of orchid are almost as fine as dust. some seeds like dandelion have hairy growth which act as a parachutes and carry the seeds far away in the wind. The fruits of sycamore have winged seeds that are dispersed by wind.

22:- write short notes on the process of seeds dispersal by water.

Ans:-This method works for the seeds which can float in water . The coconut has a thick coat of fiber which helps coconut to float in water . Lotus fruit has spongy part which helps lotus seeds to dispersed from one plece to another by water.

23:- write short notes on the process of seeds dispersal by animal ?

Ans:-Animals also help seeds in dispersal. Some seeds like blackberry, cherry, apples are dispersed by the process of digestion of animals. Some seeds like burdock and datura have seeds with hook like structure these seeds catch on the fur of animals and carried away with animal.

24-write short notes on the process of seeds dispersal by explosion

Ans –some plant have pods which explode or brust open when ripe and dry.this method of dispersal of seeds is called explosion.this cause seeds to be thrown away, rather than falling below the mother plant

Example of such plants are okra ,bitter gourd, pear, beans and balsam

Chapter - 3

Skeletal and muscular system

1:-What is organ?

Ans- A group of tissues in a living organism that have been adapted to perform a specific function is called organ.

2:- What is organ system?

Ans- An organ system is a group of organ that works together to perform one or more functions.

3:- What is skeleton?

Ans- The bony frame of the body which provides support, shapes and protection to the soft tissues and delicate organs of living beings is called skeleton.

4:- How many bones an adult human beings has?

Ans- An adult human has 206 bones

5-How many bones a new born baby has?

Ans:- A new born baby has more than 300 bones.

6- Why does adult human being has less bones than a baby?

Ans:- As the baby grows, some of these bones fuse together So that an adult human being has less bones than a baby.

7- Write three functions of skeletal system.

Ans – The three functions of skeletal system are.

1-It gives shape support to our body so that we can stand erect.

2-It protects the vital internal organs of our body such as brain, heart, lungs and spinal cord.

3-Bones along with muscles helps our body to move from one place to another.

8:- What is bone marrow?

Answer-The bones contain a soft tissue . This tissue is called bone marrow.

9:- What is cartilage?

Answer-The tough elastic substance that is found between two bones is called cartilage.

10:- what is the function of cartilage?

Ans-cartilage stops bones form rubbing against each other it prevents us from bone pain.

11:- Write two body parts that is made from cartilage.

Ans- earlobes, nose

12:-How many parts of an skeletal system.

Ans:-There are four parts of an skeletal system.

1-skull

2-backbone

3-ribs

4-limbs

13:-Write short notes on skull bones?

Ans:-The skull is made up of 22 bones out of these 8 bones cover and protect the brains. The remaining 14 bones make up the face. Only the lower jaw bone is movable in skull bone that enable us to speak and eat.

14:-What is vertebrae ?

Ans-A column of 33 small bones in back bone is called vertebrae .it is also called the spine or the vertebral column .

15:- Write the structure of back bone?

Ans:- Backbone has 33 small bones these 33 small bones move over each other. They are hollow from the centre. The delicate spinal chord, which contain nerves and blood vessels passes through the back bone.

16:- Write the functions of back bone.

Ans :–Backbone works as a central support of skeletal system. It protects the delicate spinal chord. It allows us to bend and twist our back.

17:-What is ribcage?

Ans:- The cage of bones that is found around the chest is called ribcage.

18:- Write about the structure of ribcage

Ans:- Ribcage is made up of 12 pairs of thin curved boner . Ten pairs of these are attached to the back bones at the back and to the sternum in the front . Two pairs of ribs are attached to the backbone but not to the sternum . They are called floating ribs.

19:-what is sternum ?

Ans-Sternum is the flat and strong bone that is found in front of the chest.

20-What are floating ribs ?

Ans:-The last two pairs of ribs that are attached to the back bones but not to the sternum are called floating ribs .

21:-How many pairs of limbs humans have ? name tham

Ans:-Humans have two pairs of limbs

1-fore limbs

2-hind limbs

22:-Write short notes on fore limbs?

Ans:- The fore limbs are made of two parts, upper arm and lower arm. The upper arm consists one long bone called the humerus. The lower arm consists two bones ,the radius and the ulna.

23:- Write short notes on hind limbs ?

Ans:-The hind limbs are also made up of two parts ,the upper leg and the lower leg. The upper leg has a thigh bone .the thigh bone is the strongest bone in our body. Thigh bone is also called femur. The lower leg has two bones, tibia and fibula . Tibia is found in front of the leg but fibula is found at the back of leg.

24:-What is joint?

Ans-Joint is a place where two bones meet for the purpose of permitting body parts to move. The joints help us to bend , twist and turn.

25:- What are ligaments?

Ans:- The bones are joined together by strong elastic bands of tissues called ligaments .

26:-How many types of joints in our body?

Ans:-There are two types of joints in our body.

1-movable joint

2-immovable joints

28:-What are movable joints?

Ans:-The joints that allow movement of joining bones are called movable joints.

29:-How many types of movable joints in our body

Ans: –There are four types of movable joints in our body .

1-Hinge joints

2- Ball and socket joints

3-pivot joint

4-Gliding joint

30:-What is Hinge joint ?

Ans:- Hinge joint is just like the hinge of the door. And helps the bones to move in one direction . they can move forward and backward .

For example-joints of elbows ,knees ,fingers and toes have hinge joint.

31:-What is ball and socket joint ?

Ans:-Ball and socket joints help in the maximum movement of the joint in all directions . In this joint one bone ends like a ball while the other ends like a cup. They fit into each other .for example – joints of shoulder and hips are ball and socket joints.

32 :–what is pivot joint ?

Ans: –The joint which joins the skull to the backbone is called pivot joint .It enables the head to move up , down and sideways .

33:-What is gliding joint?

Ans:-The joint that is present between the surfaces of two flat bones is called gliding joint. It is formed in our wrists, ankers and backbones .it helps us to bend, twist and turn .it works when one bone slides over other.

34:-what are immovable joints?

Ans:-the joints that do not allow movement of joining bones are called immovable joints.

For example –the joint of the skull, the joints between the ribcage and the breast bone.

35:-What is muscular system?

Ans:- The muscular system is an organ system of our body that allows the body parts to move and helps to maintain posture and circulation of blood.

36:-How many muscles in our body?

Ans:- There are 650 muscles in our body.

37:- What are tendons?

Ans:- Some muscles are attached to the bones by strong fibres called tendons.

38:- How do the muscles work?

Ans:- Muscles work by only pulling on a bone. They cannot push. There for at least two separate muscles are needed to move a joint.

For example-our arm has two muscles bicep and tricep

39:-How many types of muscels? name them

Ans:-There are three types of muscels

1-voluntary muscels

2-involuntary muscles

3-cardiac muscles

40:-What are voluntary muscels?

Ans :–Those muscles that are under our control are called voluntary muscles. These muscles are attached to the bones hence they are also called skeletal muscles.

For example- muscles of hands , muscles of legs .

41:-What are involuntary muscles?

Ans-Those muscles that are not under our control are called involuntary muscles .These muscles do not have stripes on them hence they are called smooth muscles. They work on their own.

For example-muscles of stomach, muscles of intestine.

42:- What are cardiac muscles?

Ans-Those muscles that are present in the heart is called cardiac muscles. Cardiac muscles also have stripes on them. Cardiac muscle helps the heart to pump blood all over the body.

43:-Who makes our bones and muscles strong?

Ans:- Exercise makes our bones and muscles strong.

44:- Write a mineral that is good for our bones?

Ans:- calcium.

45:- Write a vitamin that is good for our bone ?

Ans:- vitamin D

46:- Write five food items that is good for our muscles.

Ans:- meat, fish, eggs, cheese , milk.

47:- Which nutrition is good for our muscles

Ans:-proteins

Chapter - 4

Nervous System

1:- Who constitute our nervous system?

Ans:- The brain, the spinal cord and the nerves constitute our nervous system.

2:- What is brain?

Ans:- Brain is the main organ of the nervous system. It is a soft organ which controls all the functions of our body. It sends and receives informations from all parts of the body.

3:- What is skull?

Ans:- A bony closed structure that helps in protecting brain is called skull.

4:- How many parts of brain? Name them.

Ans:- There are three main parts of the brain.

(1) Cerebrum

(2) Cerebellum

(3) Medulla

5:- What is cerebrum?

Ans:- Cerebrum is the largest and the main part of the brain. It has many ridges. It controls our voice and also helps us to think, learn, remember and recall memories. It also controls our emotions.

6:- What is cerebellum?

Ans:- Cerebellum is an egg shaped situated below the cerebrum. It is the second largest part of the brain. It controls all the action of voluntary muscles like running, walking, dancing and standing. It maintains the balance of the body to keep us in an upright posture.

7:- What is medulla oblongata?

Ans:- medulla oblongata is a stem shaped structure which lies below the cerebrum but infront of the cerebellum. It connects brain to the spinal cord. It controls involuntary actions like movement of lungs in breathing and movement of heart.

8:- What is spinal cord?

Ans:- The spinal cord is located in the vertebral foramen and is made up of 31 segments. It connects the brain to different parts of our body through nerves. It is responsible for the transfer of information between the brain and the rest of the body.

9:- What is nerves?

Ans:- Nerves are long thread-like structures made of cells called nerves cell. They carry messages from the spinal cord and brain to different parts of the human body. The nerves from the head and the neck join the brain directly, while the nerves from the other parts of the body are connected to the spinal cord.

10:- How many types of nerves in our body?

Ans:- There are three types of nerves in our body.

(1) Sensory nerves

(2) Motor nerves

(3) Mixed nerves

11:- What is Sensory nerves?

Ans:- These nerves are carry message from the sense organs to the brain or spinal cord.

12:- What is motor nerves?

Ans:- These nerves send messages from the brain or the spinal cord to the muscles of different organs. These are the messages that make the muscles move.

13:- What is mixed nerves?

Ans:- The mixed nerves connect the sensory nerves and motor nerves. These nerves work both ways. These nerves cells are are found in the brain and the spinal cord.

What is reflex action?

An automatic, quick action that our body makes, often without us even thinking about it, in response to a stimulus is called reflex action.

Ex:- If we touch a hot or sharp object, we withdraw our hand immediately.

How many sense organs in our body? Name them.

There are five sense organs in our body.

1- eyes

2- ears

3- nose

4- tongue

5- skin

What are eyes?

Eyes are sense organs of the visual system. They make every thing visible for living beings.

How many different parts of an eye? Name them and explain.

There are seven different parts of an eye.

1: Eyelid - It covers our eyes when we sleep.

2: Eyelashes - They protect our eyes from dust.

3: Cornea - It is the outer coat of the eyes that is made of transparent material which protects the inner parts of the eyes from injury

4: Pupil - It is the black circle that lets light into our eyes.

5: Iris - The iris is the colored part of the eye that helps to regulate the amount of light that enters in the eye.

6: Retina - It is the back part of the eye where images are formed.

7: Optic nerves - It is the nerve that connects the eyes to the brain.

Write five ways by which we can care our eyes.

The five ways by which we can care our eyes are

1- Wash our eyes by splashing water on them.

2- Keep propre distance between eyes and books while reading. Do not read in dim light.

3- Keep distance at least six feet from television while watching.

4- Avoid rubbing our eyes with dirty hand as it may lead to infection.

5- Never use others towel who has an eye infection.

What are ears?

Ears are important sense organs of our body that help us to hear. They also help us to maintain balance of our body.

How many parts of an ear? Name them.

There are three parts of an ear.

1: outer ear- It collects sound waves and passes them into middle ear.

2: middle ear- It amplifies the sound received and carries it to the inner ear.

3: inner ear- It carries the sound to the brain with the help of auditory nerve.

Write four ways by which we can care our ears.

The four ways by which we can care our ears are

1- Do not prick sharp objects in your ears. It may injure the eardrum.

2- Use an ear bud to clean your ears.

3- Do not let water enter your ears.

4- Avoid listening too loud sounds.

What is nose?

Nose is an important sense organ, which helps us to breathe and smell.

What is the function of tiny hears present inside the nose?

The tiny hears present inside the nose act as filter for dust particles. They prevent dust particles from entering the nose when we breathe in air.

Write four ways by which we can care our nose.

The four ways by which we can care our nose are

1- Blow your nose to keep it clean.

2- Do not put sharp object in your nose.

3- Do some breathing exercise everyday.

4- Avoid digging your nose.

What is tongue

Tongue is an important sense organ of our body that enables us to taste the food. It also helps us to speak.

What are taste buds?

The tiny sensory structures on the tongue that help us to distinguish different tastes like sweet, sour, salty and bitter are called taste buds.

How can we care our tongue?

We can care our tongue by cleaning it with the help of tongue cleaner.

What is skin?

Skin is the outer most covering of the body. it is the largest organ of our body. It has millions of nerve ending which help us to feel hot, cold, pain, pressure and touch.

What is the function of tiny pores that is present on the surface of skin?

The tiny pores on the surface of skin help the body waste to come out as sweat.

Write three ways by which we can care our skin.

The three ways by which we can care our skin are

1- Take bath regularly with soap and clean water to remove dirt from the body.

2- Wear clean clothes.

3- Use an antiseptic cream if there is a cut or scratch on the skin.

Chapter - 5

Health, Diseases and Hygiens

What is disease?

Diseases is a condition of the body that does not allow the body to function properly. It disturbes the normal working of our body.

2- In how many categories the diseases can be classifief?

Ans- Diseases can be classifief into two categoried.

1- Non-communicable diseases

2- Communicable diseases

3-What are Non-Communicable diseases?

Ans:- Those diseases that can not spread from one person to another are called Non-communicable diseases.

They are non-contagious. They are generally caused due to the deficiency of some vitamins or nutrients or malfunctioning of the body functions or organs.

4- What are communicable diseases?

Ans:- Diseases that can be passed from an infected person to a healthy person in direct or indirect manner are called communicable diseases.

They are also called infectious diseases. Communicable diseases are caused by disease-causing germs called Pathogens.

5- what are Pathogens ? give some example.

Ans:- Those disease-causing germs that are responsible for spreading communicable diseases are called pathogens. They can only be seen through a microscope so they are also called microorganisms or microbes.

Ex:- viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa etc.

6- Write some diseases that are caused due to Bacteria.

Ans:-Tuberculosis, Whooping cough, Tetanus, Typhoid, Diphtheria, Pneumonia, Cholera

7- Write some diseases that are caused due to virus.

Ans:- Common cold, Influenza, Measles, Chickenpox, Polio, Rabies, AIDS, Swine flu

8- Write some diseases that are caused due to Protozoa.

Ans:- malaria, sleeping sickness, Dysentery.

9- Write some diseases that are caused due to fungi.

Ans:- Ringworm, Athlete's foot, food poisoning

10- How many mode of spread of communicable diseases?

Ans:- There are two mode of spread of communicable diseases

1- Direct mode- In this mod communicable diseases spread through direct contact. It also spreads through cuts and wounds in the skin

2- Indirect mod - In this mod communicable diseases spread through air, through infected food and water, through vectors like mosquito and house fly and through animal bites like dog and monkey.

11:- What are vectors?

Ans:- Insects that carry microorganisms are called vectors.

Ex:- mosquito, housefly

12:- How is malaria caused?

Ans:- Malaria is caused by Protozoan that is carried by female Anopheles mosquitoes.

13:- How is Dengue caused?

Ans:- Dengue is caused by dengue virus that is carried by Aedes mosquitoes.

14:- How is rabies caused?

Ans:- Rabies is caused by virus of rabies that is carried by dog.

15:- Explain some ways to prevent communicable diseases.

Ans:- Some ways to prevent communicable diseases are

1- Do not wash clothes, utensils or animals in the community source of water.

2- If you buying foodstuff from the market, you must ensur that they have been kept covered.

3-Avoid buying or eating food in unclean surroundings.

4- Do not allow water to stagnant near your house. Mosquito breed in stagnant water.

5- Cover your mouth with a handkerchief when you cough or sneeze.

6- Spray insecticides and pesticides such as D.D.T. in your house and surroundings.

7- Do not spit anywhere. Always spit in a spittoon.

16:- What are deficiency diseases? Write some example.

Ans:- Diseases that occur due to lack of nutrients over a long period are called Deficiency diseases or nutritional disease.

Ex:- night blindness, beriberi, scurvy, rickets and anaemia

17:- Which diseases is caused due to lack of protein?

Ans:- Kwashiorkor

18:- Which diseases is caused due to lack of protein and carbohydrates ?

Ans:- Marasmum

19:- Which diseases is caused due to lack of iron?

Ans:- Anaemia

17:- Which diseases is caused due to lack of calcium?

Ans:- Bone weakness

17:- Which diseases is caused due to lack of Vitamin A?

Ans:- Night blindness

17:- Which diseases is caused due to lack of Vitamin B ?

Ans:- Beriberi

17:- Which diseases is caused due to lack of Vitamin C?

Ans:-Scurvy

17:- Which diseases is caused due to lack of Vitamin D?

Ans:- Rickets

17:- Which diseases is caused due to lack of Vitamin E?

Ans:-Early ageing

17:- Which diseases is caused due to lack of Vitamin K?

Ans:- Delayed clotting of blood

Chapter -6

Soil erosion and conservation

What is soil erosion?

The condition of carrying away of soil by the action of water and wind is known as soil erosion.

In soil erosion the top soil is removed from the surface of earth

Write four causes of soil erosion?

The four causes of soil erosion are

1- Running water causes soil erosion.

2- Wind causes soil erosion.

3- Human being also causes soil erosion.

4- overgrazing by cattle causes soil erosion.

What is soil conservation?

The Protection of soil against erosion is called soil conservation.

How can we conserve soil?

We can conserve soil by afforestation, step farming in hills, growing cover crops and by building embankment on river.

What is afforestation?

The Process of planting large number of trees on land is called afforestation.

What is deforestation?

Cutting down trees and clearing plants to use the land for something else is called deforestation.

Chapter -8

Rock and Minerals

What are rocks?

Rocks are natural mass of mineral matter that makes up the earth's crust. all rocks on the earth are made up of minerals. rocks have different colours because of different colours of minerals.

How many types of rock based on their formation?

There are three types of rocks based on their formation.

1- Igneous rock

2- Sedimentary rocks

3- Metamorphic rock

What is igneous rock?

Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and hardening of the hot and molten rocks present in the earth's core which are called magma.

Basalt, Granite, Pumic and Obsidian are some example of igneous rocks.

What is lava?

The magma that reaches the surface of the earth is called lava.

What is Basalt?

Basalt is an igneous rock formed by lava cooling on the earth's surface. It is dense and dark and has fine grains.

What is Granite?

Granite is formed when magma cools below the surface of the earth. It has large grains than basalt. It contains three main minerals, feldspar, quartz and mica. Pink coloured granite contains feldspar. Grey coloured granite contains quartz. and shiny black coloured granite contains mica.

What is use of Granite?

Granite is very hard, therefor it is used in making buildings and statues. It is also used in paving roads.

What is Pumic?

Pumic is a light coloured stone formed when lava cools on the earth's surface. It has several holes because it is made from frothy lava that containing a lot of dissolved gas.

What is use of pumic?

Pumic is used as a scrubber to remove rough skin from the body.

What is Obsidian?

Obsidian is produced when lava containing a high amount of silica cools rapidly and solidifies without time for crystal growth. It is also found in dark green and brownish black colour because of presence of iron and magnesium. it is known as natural glass because of its glassy appearance.

What is use of Obsidian?

Obsidian is used in making surgical and scalpel blades.

in ancient time it was used to make tools

What are sediments?

Sediments are fragments of rock that have been broken down due to weathering like wind, ice, running water etc.

What are sedimentary rocks?

Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition of small particles and subsequent cementation of mineral on the floor of oceans or other bodies of water at the Earth's surface.

Ex- sandstone, conglomerate, shale, limestone.

What is sandstone?

Sandstone is a type of sedimentary rock that is formed when grains of sand become cemented together by other minerals. The cementing minerals are silica and calcite. Sand also contains a minerals quartz that helps in cementation.

What is the use of sandstone?

Sandstone is used to make buildings. The red fort and Qutab minar

are formed by red sand stone

What is conglomerate?

Conglomerate is a type of sedimentary rock that is made of pebbles cemented together by minerals.

What is shale?

Shale is a type of sedimentary rock that is mainly made up of clay.

It is used to make tiles and bricks.

What is Limestone?

Limestone is a type of sedimentary rock that are formed from animals and plants remains.It is used in making bricks.

What is metamorphic rock?

Metamorphic rocks are the rocks that are formed under the great heat and pressure. When igneous or sedimentary rocks go under a great heat and pressure then they convert into metamorphic rock.Ex:- Slate, Marble, Quartzite etc.

What is slate?

Slate is a dark grey shiny metamorphic rock made by the metamorphism of shale. It is used in making slates, blackboards and slanting roof.

What is marble?

Marble is a metamorphic rock that is formed from the metamorphism of limestone. It is found in various colours. It can be carved and polished easily. It is used to make statue and building.

What is gneiss?

Gneiss is a metamorphic rock that is formed from the metamorphism of granite.

What is Quartzite?

Quartzite is a metamorphic rock that is formed from the metamorphism of sandstone.

What are minerals?

Minerals are solid substances that contain several important substances. Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. Rocks are made by minerals.

How many types of minerals?

There are two types of minerals.

1- Metallic minerals

2- Non-metallic minerals

What are metallic minerals?

Minerals that contain metals like gold, iron, aluminium, copper etc. are called metallic minerals.

What are ores?

Those minerals from which metals are extracted conveniently and profitably are called ores

Ex:-

Hematite (Fe₂O₃) - It is an ore of Iron.

Copper pyrite (CuFeS₂ ) - It is an ore of copper.

Pyrolusite ( MnO₂ ) - It is an ore of manganese.

Galena ( PbS ) - It is an ore of lead.

Bauxite ( Al₂O₃ . 2H₂O ) - It is an ore of Aluminum.

Zinc blend(ZnS ) - It is an ore of zinc.

Horn silver(AgCl ) - It is an ore of silver.

Cinnabar (HgS ) - It is an ore of mercury.

What is the use of gold and silver?

Gold and silver are used for making jewellery.

What is the use of mercury?

Mercury is used for making thermometers.

What are Non-metallic minerals?

Minerals that are associated with sedimentary rocks are called Non-metallic minerals.

Ex:- Graphite, mica, asbestos, potassium, magnesium, feldspar

Write some Non-metallic minerals that are used in making buildings?

basalt, granite, marble, gypsum

What are fossil fuels? Write example.

Ans:- The fuels that are formed in nature from dead remains of plants and animals are called fossil fuels.

What is coal?

Coal is a hard, black, combustible minerals that consist mainly of carbon. It is a sedimentary rock formed from the remains of plants.

How many types of coal?

There are three types of coal.

1:- Anthracite

2:- Bituminous

3:- Lignite

Chapter -9

Solid, Liquid, Gas

What is matter? give example.

Any thing that has mass and occupies space is called matter.

Ex:- air, water, wood etc.

How many types of matter?

There are three types of matter.

1- solid

2- liquid

3- gas

Science - Class 5